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Kamis, 10 Januari 2013 di 12.51 Diposting oleh Unknown 0 Comments


                                           Business Letters in English
Business letters are formal paper communications between, to or from businesses and usually sent through the Post Office or sometimes by courier. Business letters are sometimes called "snail-mail" (in contrast to email which is faster). This lesson concentrates on business letters but also looks at other business correspondence. It includes:

  • letter
  • memo
  • fax
  • email
Who writes Business Letters?Most people who have an occupation have to write business letters. Some write many letters each day and others only write a few letters over the course of a career. Business people also read letters on a daily basis. Letters are written from a person/group, known as the sender to a person/group, known in business as the recipient. Here are some examples of senders and recipients:
  • business «» business
  • business «» consumer
  • job applicant «» company
  • citizen «» government official
  • employer «» employee
  • staff member «» staff member
Why write Business Letters?There are many reasons why you may need to write business letters or other correspondence:
  • to persuade
  • to inform
  • to request
  • to express thanks
  • to remind
  • to recommend
  • to apologize
  • to congratulate
  • to reject a proposal or offer
  • to introduce a person or policy
  • to invite or welcome
  • to follow up
  • to formalize decisions

Business Letter Vocabulary
attachment
extra document or image that is added to an email
block format
most common business letter format, single spaced, all paragraphs begin at the left margin
body
the content of the letter; between the salutation and signature
bullets
small dark dots used to set off items in an unnumbered list
certified mail
important letters that sender pays extra postage for in order to receive a notice of receipt
coherent
logical; easy to understand
concise
gets to the point quickly
confidential, personal
private
diplomacy, diplomatic
demonstrating consideration and kindness
direct mail, junk mail
marketing letters addressed to a large audience
double space
format where one blank line is left between lines of text
enclosure
extra document or image included with a letter
formal
uses set formatting and business language, opposite of casual
format
the set up or organization of a document
heading
a word or phrase that indicates what the text below will be about
indent
extra spaces (usually 5) at the beginning of a paragraph
informal
casual
inside address
recipient's mailing information
justified margins
straight and even text, always begins at the same place
letterhead
specialized paper with a (company) logo or name printed at the top
logo
symbol or image that identifies a specific organization
margin
a blank space that borders the edge of the text
memorandum (memo)
document sent within a company (internal), presented in short form
modified block format
left justified as block format, but date and closing are centered
on arrival notation
notice to recipient that appears on an envelope (e.g. "confidential")
postage
the cost of sending a letter through the Post Office
proofread
read through a finished document to check for mistakes
punctuation
marks used within or after sentences and phrases (e.g. periods, commas)
reader-friendly
easy to read
recipient
the person who receives the letter
right ragged
format in which text on the right side of the document ends at slightly different points (not justified)
salutation
greeting in a letter (e.g. "Dear Mr Jones")
sensitive information
content in a letter that may cause the receiver to feel upset
semi-block format
paragraphs are indented, not left-justified
sincerely
term used before a name when formally closing a letter
single spaced
format where no blanks lines are left in-between lines of text
spacing
blank area between words or lines of text
tone
the feeling of the language (e.g. serious, enthusiastic)
transitions
words or phrases used to make a letter flow naturally (e.g. "furthermore", "on the other hand")

There are certain standards for formatting a business letter, though some variations are acceptable (for example between European and North American business letters). Here are some basic guidelines:
  • Use A4 (European) or 8.5 x 11 inch (North American) paper or letterhead
  • Use 2.5 cm or 1 inch margins on all four sides
  • Use a simple font such as Times New Roman or Arial
  • Use 10 to 12 point font
  • Use a comma after the salutation (Dear Mr Bond,)
  • Lay out the letter so that it fits the paper appropriately
  • Single space within paragraphs
  • Double space between paragraphs
  • Double space between last sentence and closing (Sincerely, Best wishes)
  • Leave three to fives spaces for a handwritten signature
  • cc: (meaning "copies to") comes after the typed name (if necessary)
  • enc: (meaning "enclosure") comes next (if necessary)
  • Fold in three (horizontally) before placing in the envelope
  • Use right ragged formatting (not justified on right side)

Kamis, 29 November 2012 di 17.26 Diposting oleh Unknown 0 Comments

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
  • Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
  • Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:
  1. Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
  2. Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
  3. Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
  4. Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
  5. Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
  6. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.
Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier

Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis

a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He meets them everyday.
  • Passive  : They are met by him everyday.
  • Active    : She waters this plant every two days.
  • Passive  : This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
  • Active    : He met them yesterday
  • Passive  : They were met by him yesterday
  • Active    : She watered this plant this morning
  • Passive  : This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
  • Active    : He has met them
  • Passive  : They have been met by him
  • Active    : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
  • Passive  : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
  • Active    : He had met them before I came.
  • Passive  : They had been met by him before I came.
  • Active    : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
  • Passive  : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will meet them tomorrow.
  • Passive  : They will be met by him tomorrow.
  • Active    : She will water this plant this afternoon.
  • Passive  : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
  • Active    : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
  • Passive  : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
  • Passive  : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
  • Active   : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
  • Passive  : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He would have met them.
  • Passive  : They would have been met by him.
  • Active    : She would have watered this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant would have been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He is meeting them now.
  • Passive  : They are being met by him now.
  • Active    : She is watering this plant now.
  • Passive  : This plant is being watered by her now.

i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He was meeting them.
  • Passive  : They were being met by him.
  • Active    : She was watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant was being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He has been meeting them.
  • Passive  : They have been being met by him.
  • Active    : She has been watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant has been being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He had been meeting them.
  • Passive  : They had been being met by him.
  • Active    : She had been watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant had been being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will be meeting them.
  • Passive  : They will be being met by him.
  • Active    : She will be watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant will be being watered by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He would be meeting them.
  • Passive  : They would be being met by him.
  • Active    : She would be watering this plant.
  • Passive   : This plant would be being watered by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will have been meeting them.
  • Passive  : They will have been being met by him.
  • Active    : She will have been watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant will have been being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He would be meeting them.
  • Passive  : They would be being met by him.
  • Active    : She would be watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant would be being watered by her.
Contoh-contoh yang lain:
  1. Koko’s nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose. (Hidung Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh temannya tepat di hidungnya).
  2. The Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian team. (Team sepakbola Indonesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).
  3. These plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago. (Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).
  4. There is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (Tidak ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).
  5. English is studied by all high school students. (Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan SMK).

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